![\"Kent](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/sur-cover.jpg\" "\\"Defensive")
<\/p>\nYama\u00e7 Ev sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 metre bat\u0131s\u0131nda; Karakazan deresinin (di\u011fer ad\u0131 ile Kundak\u00e7\u0131nar) yakla\u015f\u0131k 40\u201350 m do\u011fusunda ve Kaleta\u015f\u0131 Tepesi’nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 ete\u011finde yer alan alan, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerini belirlemek amac\u0131yla kaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f; M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait kent suruna ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bilgiler elde edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n
The part of the fortification that has been unearthed until today is 20 meters long and is up to Karakazan River. The defensive wall makes a tower of 7.50x7.40 meters on the riverside and turns to south. The thickness of the wall is 3.26 meters. Occasionally on the wall, there are ten preserved rows standing on top of each other (3.00-3.25 meters high) forming rectangular blocks with embossed outer faces. At some points the blocks were vertically built to enhance the wall and rubble stones were filled in. Apart from a small part on its interior face, it is observed that the defensive wall had no euthynteria, on the contrary the blocks were placed directly on the soil in line with the slope of the hillside.<\/p>\n
Kent surunun hemen bat\u0131s\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn Karakazan deresi olarak isimlendirilen derenin antik d\u00f6nemde de bu yataktan akt\u0131\u011f\u0131, surun hemen d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kum ve \u00e7ak\u0131l tabakas\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 metrelik bir kum, \u00e7ak\u0131l dolgusu ve olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck kayalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Karakazan deresinde antik d\u00f6nemde zaman zaman ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, 2009-2010 k\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde yo\u011fun ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar sonucunda b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen sel, \u015fehir savunmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan surun, Antik \u00c7a\u011f’da Karakazan deresinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu benzer su bask\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 set g\u00f6revi de \u00fcstlendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Sur duvar\u0131n\u0131n hemen d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fclen kum ve \u00e7ak\u0131l tabakas\u0131 da bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi do\u011frular niteliktedir.<\/p>\n
If the city fortification is followed parallel to Karakazan River, right to the south of the tower, it is seen that the defensive wall continues but built with formless, big stones. At this part, approximately 5 meters of the wall has been unearthed and while the outer line was made of big formless stones, the inner filling materials were rubble stones like in the defensive wall. In front of this wall (its western side) there was a filling again made up of big stones. It was quite logical to think that that this wall of big, formless stones is a continuation of the defensive wall, as it had a thickness same as the defensive wall, and it started right when the embossed blocks ended. It was considered that this wall was built in a hurry in order to repair damage to the defensive wall either by a flood or by enemy raids, and that to further reinforce the wall; stones were piled in front of it. As arrow heads were found in the same area, it is safe to assume that the damage was made as a result of enemy attacks.<\/p>\n
\t\t\t\t![\"Kule](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/kent-suru-4-kule-duvar-isciligi.jpg\" "\\"Masonry")
\n\t\tMasonry of tower structure<\/p>\n
A drill was opened 10 meters south to track the defensive wall that continued eastward towards the sea as the wall continued parallel to Karakazan River after making the tower. It was found that the wall continued with roughly built stones as well.<\/p>\n
Hellenistik d\u00f6nemde, hem Karakazan deresinin ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131ndan \u015fehri korumu\u015f, hem \u015fehrin savunmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan kent suru, Roma D\u00f6nemi’nde kentin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle birlikte kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lge yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Sur Duvar\u0131’n\u0131n kulesi \u00fczerinde, surun duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 mekan duvar\u0131 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ocak bulunan bir roma yap\u0131s\u0131, do\u011fuda MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir hamam yap\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fcneyde ise MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131na tarihlenen mozaikli bir Roma evi tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Sur duvar\u0131 do\u011fuda takip edildi\u011finde olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem tahribat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcneye do\u011fru hafif\u00e7e kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Roma hamam\u0131 alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\t\t\t\t![\"Hellenistik](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/kent-suru-5-duvar-guney.jpg\" "\\"Kent-")
\n\t\tThe relationship between the Hellenistic walls and the city wall<\/p>\n
The works to unearth the Roman bath house yielded its results as whole of the caldarium (hot room) was unearthed. Caldarium had a total size of 5.30x4.20 meters and it was divided into three sections by two walls of 0.70 m. The base of the first section (1.50x4.20 m.) on the north is supported by eight spolia tambour columns and mountings made up of big clay pipes (pilae). The hot air is transferred to the second section (sizes 2.80x4.20 m.) through three arches embedded into the dividing walls. The base of the section is also placed upon spolia materials. The third section (sizes 1.80x4.20m.) like the second has three arched structures for hot air transfer. There is a small piscine on the east side of the middle section. A hot air canal which is apparently later closed was found on the wall surrounding the Caldarium from south. This shows that the Tepidarium (warm room) of the bath house was on the south. The works done in the surroundings of the Caldarium revealed clay water pipes probably related with the bath house and some wall structures the usage of which yet unidentified. The mixed materials obtained at the bath house excavations made it difficult to get information concerning the period of the bath house, however the usage of spolia materials both in the walls and in the hypocaust system gives the idea that the structure could be dated to 5-6th century BC, a time when the Roman Empire started to lose its power and the prosperity declined. Apart from this, some late walls built partially upon the bath house obviously harmed its structure.<\/p>\n
\t\t\t\t![\"MS](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/kent-suru-6-hamam.jpg\" "\\"Kent")
\n\t\tBath structure built in the 4th century AD.<\/p>\n
During the works carried out on the south of the defensive wall and on the west of the late walls in order to spot any early layers, rubble stone fillings were found on the upper levels. It is thought they were probably built to form a basis for the late period constructions at the south of the defensive wall\u2019s overturned stone blocks. At lower levels, within the defensive walls, a few 4th century BC findings, Hellenistic materials and walls belonging to Hellenistic era buildings were unearthed. The drillings done inside the Hellenistic era structure lead to findings belonging to 5th century BC.<\/p>\n
PhD Student, Ege University Faculty of Letters, Department of Classical Archaeology<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\n\nThe excavation works of the area that lies around 150 meters west of the Maritime Villa; 40-50 meters east of Karakazan River.\n<\/div>\n