![\"Nekropolis](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/nekropolis-05-inhumasyon-gomu.jpg\" "\\"Necropolis")
\n\t\tNecropolis Inhumation Burial\n\tAntandros nekropolisi, Antandros yerle\u015fmesinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaleta\u015f\u0131 Tepesi’nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 m bat\u0131s\u0131nda, deniz ile ona paralel olarak uzanan tepe aras\u0131ndaki 50-60 metrelik yama\u00e7 ve d\u00fczl\u00fckte yer almaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Melis Sitesi’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerine oturdu\u011fu nekropolis alan\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, sitenin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 konumda iken, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri devam etmekte olan sistemli kaz\u0131lar, nekropolis alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeye y\u00f6nelik olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\t
The Necropolis excavations started in 2001 with a small drill, and had to be expanded widely due to dense burial, and turned into a big opening. The necropolis has a stratified structure due to its geographical position and soil erosion from the northern hill. A total of 412 tombs have been identified to date.<\/p>\n
Nekropoliste ilk k\u00fclt\u00fcr katman\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle a\u00e7man\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde ele ge\u00e7en Ge\u00e7 Roma D\u00f6nemi’ne ait mimari olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda a\u00e7man\u0131n do\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Ge\u00e7 Roma yerle\u015fimlerine ait iki mekan\u0131n g\u00fcney duvarlar\u0131 ve kap\u0131 giri\u015fleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece nekropolis i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en yolun bu d\u00f6nemde yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 m kadar g\u00fcneye kayarak kullan\u0131lmaya devam edildi\u011fi ve evlerin yol kenar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz tam olarak plan elde edilememi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, MS 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu alan\u0131n, nekropolis \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirerek, yerle\u015fim alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7man\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusundan ele ge\u00e7en bir Bizans D\u00f6nemi mezar\u0131 ile a\u00e7man\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7en MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir mezar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Hellenistik D\u00f6nem sonras\u0131na ait mezara rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
In the grave no.192 -the earliest tomb of the necropolis-, a bronze spiral hair clip on the chest and 5 talus bones at the legs level -left as gifts- were found. Unfortunately, these findings are not enough to date the tomb precisely. However, the gifts of a cremation grave uncovered on this grave form a terminus ante quem for this grave. This grave no.171 is the primary cremation and has gifts from the late 8th \/ early 7th century BC totalling to a Kantharos, a Corinthian imitation aryballos and five bronze fibulas.<\/p>\n\t
A total of 160 graves, including 59 cremations and 101 inhumations were uncovered. All of the 7th century BC cremation and even the tombs of the inhumations were unevenly covered with rubble stones slightly larger than a fist. Infants were either buried in large sized containers, such as hydria and amphora, or just as they were. Among the burials directly into the earth, some were buried heads looking north and some looking south, leading to the conclusion that there was no unity in directions in the burials of this period. Directional unity was not observed in the laying of burial containers.<\/p>\n\t
It is understood that the adults were cremated after death and the infants were not. In some cremation graves, the burnt layer of the earth and a reddening on the soil due the high heat showed that the body was cremated at the burial space, whereas some other tombs were secondary cremations, that is, the body was cremated elsewhere, and the remaining bones were put into an urn shell and then buried. In cremation graves, bronze fibulae are usually found as gifts for the dead, while the infant tombs are richer in gift-wise including talus bones. The anthropological examinations made in the tombs of this period revealed that, before burying, adults were cremated whereas the infants under the age of 6.5 were not.<\/p>\n
The tombs of the early 6th century BC show similar characteristics with those of the 7th century BC. However, a change is observed in the burial customs towards the mid-century; adults were started to be buried as inhumation as well. Examples of such can be seen in pithos graves of nos.183, 307 and 387.<\/p>\n\t
Antandros Nekropolisi’nde ilk lahit kullan\u0131m\u0131 da, yeti\u015fkin bireylerin yaln\u0131zca yak\u0131larak g\u00f6m\u00fclmedi\u011fi M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131la ait \u00fc\u00e7 pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak lahit belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan 100 ve 118 no.lu mezarlar\u0131 kapaks\u0131z, basit lahitler olu\u015ftururken, 30 no.lu mezar, trapezoidal formlu, kapakl\u0131 bir Klazomenai lahdidir. Yumu\u015fak semerdam formlu kapak \u00fczerinde herhangi bir bezeme saptanamazken, lahit ba\u015f ve ayaku\u00e7lar\u0131nda fig\u00fcrl\u00fc bezemenin bulundu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Cook taraf\u0131ndan Albertinum Grubu olarak isimlendirilen lahitlerle b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik g\u00f6steren bu lahit, olas\u0131l\u0131kla Klazomenai’dan ithal edilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, lahdin i\u00e7erisinde hediyenin ele ge\u00e7memesi de desteklemektedir. Eri\u015fkin bir erke\u011fe ait hediyenin lahit d\u0131\u015f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131, Klazomenai nekropolislerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan lahitlerin genel \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
This direction unity in the inhumation burials continued to exist until the mid-Hellenistic Period. In the 5th century BC, terracotta sarcophagi were replaced by lid sarcophagus made of tuff stone. During this period, the cremation of adults gradually ceases in favour of inhumation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\tNecropolis Inhumation Burial\n\t
Multiple burials are seen in sarcophagi of the 5th century BC. These multiple burials can either be in the form of cremation and inhumation as seen in the two tombs as stated above or in the form of multiple inhumation burials. The best example of this is the sarcophagus no.107. From the sarcophagus in which three adults (two females one male) were laid, three black lyrathos ornamented in black figure technique dating back to around 450 BC, black varnished kylix, amphoriskos and the base and body of a table amphora were found. The fact that three individuals were laid on each other without damaging one another and that there was no time difference between grave gifts suggests that these burials were made in the same period and that the sarcophagi were probably used as family tombs. Another sarcophagus belonging to the late 5th century BC is tomb no.2. This sarcophagus has a supporting wall made with good workmanship tightened with keystones all over. Although an alabastron made of alabaster stone, bronze fibula, iron strigilis, two figurines, table amphorae, skyphos, four bollards and seven stemless were recovered from the sarcophagus, as the bones in the burial place are melted, only a tibia of an adult could be identified. However, considering the number of findings, it is safe to say that this sarcophagus had multiple burials.<\/p>\n
In the north-eastern corner of the necropolis, a grave with a different structure from the others was revealed. This tomb no.49 has a square plan of 3.10 x 3.17 m. While the outer surface of the blocks forming the Euthynteria section does not have the elaborate workmanship, the second set of blocks, fastened to each other by keystones have a very good workmanship. On the southern wall of the podium, a step is pulled back and two blocks are preserved. It is understood from the marks on the first row of blocks that the second row of blocks \u2013like the preserved ones on the south- is placed by pulling back a step in other directions as well. The inner faces of the blocks are left untreated and the traces on the second row of blocks preserved in the south demonstrate that the unprotected third row was also built a step backwards. The data reveal that this podium with a square plan is originally a stepped pyramid.<\/p>\n
The discoveries related to the 5. Century BC are not only limited to the sarcophagi, but also include inhumations directly laid upon the ground. A very rich variety of burial gifts were discovered in an inhumation of the sorts (no.133) belonging to a 3.5 years old infant. The body was laid in an east-west direction as in all inhumations of the period, and the body had two bronze bracelets on each arm, two cavalries and one lying figurine, one rooster and five turtle figurines, two lekythos ornamented with black figures, one kylix, three grey bowls, two beads from Phoenician glass, twenty-seven talus bones, two objects made of bone and a sea shell.<\/p>\n
Although, a total of 20 tombs were identified, including eight stone sarcophagi, six roof tiles, four amphorae, one pithos and one simple earth grave belonging to the 4th century BC, no cremation burials were detected. The stone sarcophagi are similar to the examples of the 5th century BC and are laid in the east-west direction. The no.36 sarcophagus has been identified as the grave that contains the highest number of individuals. In the tomb where two females, one male, and one infant were laid; three cup-skyphos, a table amphora, three bronze mirrors and a strigilis were found. Considering the volume of the sarcophagus, it is unlikely that the five individuals would have fitted in at once. This is an important data showing that the sarcophagus used as family graveyard has been opened when someone in the family died. In addition, almost all of the sarcophagi of the 4th century BC are made of rubble stones, with supporting walls higher than the sarcophagus. In some cases, the presence of lime plaster on the outer surface of these walls shows that these walls surrounding the sarcophagi were originally on the ground level. The no.260 stone sarcophagus, unearthed during the 2008 excavation season, confirms this precisely. In the works to unearth the sarcophagus, an on-site preserved 20 cm wide plaster structured parallel to the ground levelled with the sarcophagus lid was found. This plaster is very important as it shows the then walking plane. Studies have shown that the part of the sarcophagus which was about 54 cm high stood above the detected walking plane. This clearly shows that some of the sarcophagi have an architectural arrangement that can be seen above the ground level. Thus, the sarcophagi of which locations are known were easily opened when new members of the family deceased and had to be buried in the family tomb.<\/p>\n
Trances have been found indicating that, a layer of pebble stones were laid upon some of the tombs after being covered and then ceremonial fire was lit on top.<\/p>\n
M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l lahitlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’de ikinci kez kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Buna en g\u00fczel \u00f6rne\u011fi 210 no.lu lahit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesi \u00e7atlak olan lahdin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fu-bat\u0131 do\u011frultulu yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, iki eri\u015fkin bireye ait iskelet belirlenmi\u015ftir. Ayakucuna hediye olarak b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki cup-kantharos, bolsal, ge\u00e7 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fig\u00fcr bezemeli bir pelike ile diz ve kar\u0131n hizas\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, par\u00e7al\u0131 halde iki strigilisin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, i\u00e7inde kremasyon bulunan k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde bir Hellenistik stamnos ile bunun kapa\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan bir kase ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme sonras\u0131nda, M\u00d6 Erken 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bu lahdin \u00e7atlak olan g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesinin Hellenistik d\u00f6nemde kald\u0131r\u0131larak, lahdin i\u00e7erisine bir urnenin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Although infant burials are usually kept in amphoras, roof tile tombs are also used for adults and infants. While a large number of figurines were discovered in the roof tile graves opened during the Museum Rescue Excavations, in the recent works, roof tile graves uncovered revealed no gifts apart from an occasional coin. With this period, the habit of leaving a Kharon Mangori in the mouths of the dead in the inhumation burials started.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t![\"Nekropolis](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/nekropolis-07-Gomu-calismasi.jpg\" "\\"Necropolis")
\n\t\tNecropolis Burial Work\n\t
Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’e ait otuz bir kremasyon, on \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131 kiremidi, d\u00f6rt lahit, on dokuz do\u011frudan topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fc ve iki adet tu\u011fla mezar olmak \u00fczere altm\u0131\u015f dokuz mezar a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Say\u0131lardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, kremasyon g\u00f6m\u00fc oran\u0131nda ani ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca urne kaplar\u0131nda genellikle ayn\u0131 kap formunun, stamnoslar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Kremasyonlar i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ocuk veya bebek g\u00f6m\u00fcs\u00fcne rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7ocuklar genellikle \u00e7at\u0131 kiremidi mezarlara g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrken, lahit say\u0131s\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n
In cremations, while general habit seems to be secondary cremation, primary cremations (cremations on the spot) were also observed. Primary cremations were buried after being covered by roof tiles. Tomb no.12 forms an example to this; a 37 years old female was primarily cremated, a bronze coin, a bronze bracelet and a bronze object were left on her side; the perimeter of the place was built up with stones, then filled with rubble stones and the top was covered with two roof tiles.<\/p>\n
In secondary cremations, the most common choice of urn had been the stamnoi. The mouths of the stamnoi were closed by either a bowl or a roof tile as lids. Sometimes an unguentarium is left inside them as gift. The richest of this kind of tombs is tomb no.64. Right beside a stamnos urn of which the mouth is closed with a roof tile; a krater, a lekane and a fish platter were left one within the other as gifts.<\/p>\n
Roof tile tombs were built by putting up four or six tiles together in groups of two, while covering the front and the back with one roof tile each.<\/p>\n
Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’e ait en ilgi \u00e7ekici bulgular 2005 ve 2006 kaz\u0131 sezonlar\u0131nda, a\u00e7man\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 3\u00d73 m boyutlar\u0131nda, moloz ta\u015flarla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kare planl\u0131 bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcst b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tahrip olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hari\u00e7, \u00fc\u00e7 yan\u0131nda duvara sahip oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise bu mekana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00fc\u00e7 basamak yer al\u0131r. Yap\u0131n\u0131n her \u00fc\u00e7 duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 30-35 cm y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve bir o kadar geni\u015flikte bir sekinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da hissedilmektedir. Mekan\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131, yumruk b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki ta\u015flar\u0131n dizilmesi ile olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir tabana sahiptir. Duvarlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a iyi durumda korunmu\u015f, kire\u00e7 har\u00e7l\u0131 s\u0131va ile kapl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, bu s\u0131van\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer yer i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda ve taban \u00fczerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. At nal\u0131 planl\u0131 sunak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndeki yap\u0131n\u0131n hangi ama\u00e7la yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmek i\u00e7in orta b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir sondaj a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2006 kaz\u0131 sezonunda a\u00e7ma, bu yap\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fusuna do\u011fru geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ve bu yap\u0131n\u0131n bir benzeri, yakla\u015f\u0131k 80 cm do\u011fuda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu benzerlik gerek do\u011frultu, gerek plan ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik, gerekse de boyutta g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak bu ikinci yap\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyde yer alan basamaklar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tahrip olmu\u015f ve temel alt seviyesinde bir lahit tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
210 no.lu olarak belirlenen ve M\u00d6 Erken 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen bu lahdin i\u00e7erisine, Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’de bir urnenin b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu lahdin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ikinci suna\u011f\u0131n taban\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015flar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kuzeyde k\u0131smen 210 no.lu lahdin istinat duvar\u0131 \u00fczerine oturan, 212 no.lu Hellenistik urne belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sunak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya y\u00f6nelik olarak taban\u0131n\u0131n tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015f ve bu i\u015flem sonras\u0131nda mekan\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde, yan yana kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131 kiremidi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 213 no.lu olarak kayda ge\u00e7en mezar\u0131n birincil bir kremasyon oldu\u011fu, bireyin yak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00fczerine bu \u00e7at\u0131 kiremitlerinin \u00f6rt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve daha sonra da, mekan\u0131n taban\u0131n\u0131n bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerine d\u00f6\u015fendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mezar\u0131n da kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, daha alt seviyede bir lahit ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suna\u011f\u0131n bat\u0131 duvar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine oturdu\u011fu bu lahdin ikinci kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gerek kapa\u011f\u0131ndaki kaymadan ve gerekse de neredeyse hediyesiz bir \u015fekilde d\u00f6rt bireyin lahdin i\u00e7erisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2007 y\u0131l\u0131 kaz\u0131 sezonunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc nekropolisin kuzeyinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar neticesinde yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z edilen iki suna\u011fa ek olarak \u00fc\u00e7 sunak yap\u0131s\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. At nal\u0131 plan\u0131 ve g\u00fcneye bak\u0131yor olmalar\u0131yla daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan iki sunak yap\u0131s\u0131yla benzer \u00f6zelikler ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde basamak izlerine rastlanmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer ikisinden farkl\u0131 k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sunaklardan EAH kodlu olan\u0131, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan di\u011fer iki sunak yap\u0131s\u0131na nazaran daha iyi korunmu\u015ftur. Sunak yap\u0131s\u0131, orijinal g\u00f6m\u00fcs\u00fc M\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir lahdi tam ortas\u0131na alacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. 226 mezar numaras\u0131 verilen lahit, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sunak yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki 210 no.lu lahit mezar gibi ikinci kullan\u0131ma maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve yine 210 no.lu lahit mezarda oldu\u011fu gibi lahdin kapa\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131larak bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcme urne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 226 no.lu lahdi 210 no.lu’dan ay\u0131ran tek y\u00f6n\u00fc bu lahde iki urnenin b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda orta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan di\u011fer iki sunak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde yerinde yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f birer kremasyon mezar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sunaklardaki kremasyonlardan birinin \u00fczeri yumruk b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ta\u015flarla kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, di\u011feri iki oval kiremit ile \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Eldeki veriler Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’de Antandros nekropolisinde bir sunak mezar gelene\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n kremasyon mezarlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, 2005 ve 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan iki suna\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst kodlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, di\u011fer alanlar\u0131n aksine Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’e ait baz\u0131 mezar steli par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131, bu stellerin orijinalde bu mezar sunaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. At nal\u0131 \u015feklindeki sunaklar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer alan sekiler de, y\u0131l\u0131n belli g\u00fcnlerinde sunakta yap\u0131lan mezar seremonilerinde hediyelerin b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yerler olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Nekropolis alan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneye, yani denize do\u011fru ne kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak amac\u0131yla a\u00e7man\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 x 5 m boyutlar\u0131nda bir sondaja ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2 no.lu lahdin hemen g\u00fcneyinden ba\u015flayan bu sondaj da, Ge\u00e7 Roma D\u00f6nemi’ne ait baz\u0131 duvarlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir mezar veya yap\u0131lanmaya rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak toprak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok sert ve tabakalardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. 2 no.lu lahdin istinat duvarlar\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 m g\u00fcneyde d\u00fczg\u00fcn s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f ta\u015flar ele ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in a\u00e7man\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geni\u015fletilmesi sonras\u0131nda, bunun M\u00d6 6. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir pithos mezar\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen istinat duvar\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 183 no.lu mezar\u0131n hemen g\u00fcneyinde, k\u0131smen onu tahrip ederek yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’e ait bir \u00e7at\u0131 kiremiti mezar da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha g\u00fcneyde, \u00fcst kodda ele ge\u00e7en ve olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek korunan Ge\u00e7 Roma D\u00f6nemi’ne ait duvarlar, bu alanda daha fazla g\u00fcneye gidilmesini engellemi\u015ftir. Bu kadar yo\u011fun g\u00f6m\u00fc bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Antandros nekropolisinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 m geni\u015fli\u011findeki bir alanda hi\u00e7bir mezar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7memi\u015f olmas\u0131 ve toprak yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi, bu alan\u0131n nekropolis i\u00e7erisinden ge\u00e7en antik bir yol oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc akla getirmektedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, nekropolisin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 topografyadan da destek bulmaktad\u0131r. Nekropolis, yerle\u015fim yerinin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, kuzeyi tepe, g\u00fcneyi deniz ile s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 60 metre geni\u015fli\u011findeki sahil \u015feridine konumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sahil \u015feridi, Antandros’u bat\u0131daki Gargara Antik Kenti’ne ba\u011flayan yolun ge\u00e7mesi i\u00e7in neredeyse tek g\u00fczergah olarak dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Bug\u00fcn bile Edremit-\u00c7anakkale yolu ayn\u0131 g\u00fczergahtan, antik yol olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen alandan yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 m. g\u00fcneyden ge\u00e7mektedir. Ayr\u0131ca nekropolis plan\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’e ait mezar sunaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, daha bat\u0131da yer alan di\u011fer mezarlar\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile do\u011fu-bat\u0131 do\u011frultulu d\u00fcz bir hat olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe destek sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla 2006 kaz\u0131 sezonunda, nekropolis a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, ikinci Hellenistik suna\u011f\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 metre g\u00fcneyinde, d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fc k\u0131smen korunmu\u015f s\u0131vaya sahip, i\u00e7i moloz ta\u015flarla doldurulmu\u015f, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,10 metre \u00e7ap\u0131nda dairesel bir yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc k\u0131smen kesit i\u00e7erisinde kalan yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Hellenistik d\u00f6neme ait bir urne ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2007 kaz\u0131 sezonun son g\u00fcnlerinde nekropolisin kuzeyinde dairsel bir yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise tamamen a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.20 m. \u00e7ap\u0131nda, 0.64 m y\u00fcksekli\u011finde korunmu\u015f yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fc s\u0131val\u0131 olup, iki basamaktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Dairevi formlu yap\u0131n\u0131n basamakl\u0131 olu\u015fu ve s\u0131val\u0131 d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fc, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan urnenin etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen mimari yap\u0131 ile benzerdir. Bu benzerlikten dolay\u0131 i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir urne beklenmi\u015f, ancak hi\u00e7bir buluntu ya da mezar rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum yap\u0131n\u0131n bir “Kenotaf” olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Dairesel formlu bir di\u011fer sunak antik yolun g\u00fcneyinde 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan 344 nolu mezard\u0131r. Dairesel formlu 1.16 cm. \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve 33 cm.lik s\u0131val\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 korunan suna\u011f\u0131n orta k\u0131sm\u0131nda a\u011fz\u0131 yass\u0131 ta\u015fla kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f khytradan olu\u015fan bir urneye rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mezar kab\u0131 i\u00e7inden eri\u015fkin bireye ait yanm\u0131\u015f kemikler ve bir adet a\u015f\u0131k kemi\u011fi ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t![\"Nekropolis](\"http:\/\/antandros.org\/ant_wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/nekropolis-04-klazomenai-lahitleri-2.jpg\" "\\"Sarcophagi")
\n\t\tSarcophagi of the Necropolis Klazomenai\n\t
Antik yol d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini kan\u0131tlamaya y\u00f6nelik olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda devam edilmi\u015f ve 4.10 m seviyesinden itibaren 4.02 m, 3.94 ve 3.89 m’de d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 tabaka halinde antik yol a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tabakalar yolun uzun s\u00fcre kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7 dahilinde onar\u0131m g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc net bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yolun onar\u0131m g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren \u00e7ukurlara a\u00e7man\u0131n do\u011fusunda rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni a\u00e7mada, yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi Ge\u00e7 Roma d\u00f6nemine ait yap\u0131lar aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mekte olan do\u011fu-bat\u0131 do\u011frultulu bir yol ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hellenistik d\u00f6neme kadar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen yolla ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda ve onun gibi sert toprak zemine sahip Ge\u00e7 Roma yolu, erken d\u00f6neme ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen yoldan yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 metre kadar g\u00fcneye kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Antandros nekropolisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, nekropolis alan\u0131n\u0131n M\u00d6 Erken 7. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan Hellenistik D\u00f6nem sonuna kadar kesintisiz bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Nekropolis alan\u0131n\u0131n erken Roma d\u00f6neminde ne ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir veri bulunmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, nekropolis kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda MS 2. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait yaln\u0131zca bir mezara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131smen korunmu\u015f tu\u011fla \u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc sanduka mezar tipindeki g\u00f6m\u00fcde birey, do\u011fu-bat\u0131 y\u00f6n birli\u011fine uygun olarak yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bizans D\u00f6nemi’ne tarihlenen bir mezar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 25 no.lu olarak isimlendirilen mezar, moloz ta\u015f ve kire\u00e7 harc\u0131 ile olu\u015fturulan bir sandukan\u0131n \u00fczeri, iki\u015ferli olarak \u00e7at\u0131lan taban tu\u011flalar\u0131 ile kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kisi kad\u0131n, birisi erkek ve di\u011feri de \u00e7ocuk olan d\u00f6rt bireyin g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu mezarda, kad\u0131n bireylerden birisi ba\u015f bat\u0131ya gelecek \u015fekilde bat\u0131-do\u011fu yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, di\u011fer bireylerin kemikleri bu bireyin ayakucu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne toplanm\u0131\u015f olarak ele ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\t
Ad\u0131yaman University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Archaeology<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\n\nAntandros necropolis is located on 50-60 meters of slope and plain between the sea and the parallel hill, which lies about 400 m west of the Kaleta\u015fi Tepesi.\n<\/div>\n